An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific art philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered a new avant-garde movement. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality (figurative art). By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new style which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy (abstract art).[Mel Gooding, Abstract Art, Tate Publishing, London, 2000]
Concept
According to theories associated with
modernism and also the concept of
Postmodern art,
art movements are especially important during the period of time corresponding to
modern art.
[ Man of his words: Pepe Karmel on Kirk Varnedoe — Passages – Critical Essay Artforum, Nov, 2003 by Pepe Karmel] The period of time called "modern art" is posited to have changed approximately halfway through the 20th century and art made afterward is generally called
contemporary art.
Postmodern art in visual art begins and functions as a parallel to
late modernism[The Originality of the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths Rosalind E. Krauss, Publisher: The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 9, 1986), Part I, Modernist Myths, pp.8–171] and refers to that period after the "modern" period called contemporary art.
[ The Citadel of Modernism Falls to Deconstructionists, – 1992 critical essay, The Triumph of Modernism, 2006, Hilton Kramer, pp 218–221.] The postmodern period began during
late modernism (which is a contemporary continuation of modernism), and according to some theorists postmodernism ended in the 21st century.
[ Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture Charles Jencks][William R. Everdell, , University of Chicago Press, 1997, p4. ] During the period of time corresponding to "modern art" each consecutive movement was often considered a new
avant-garde.
Also during the period of time referred to as "modern art" each movement was seen corresponding to a somewhat grandiose rethinking of all that came before it, concerning the visual arts. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works and artists included in an art movement. Verbal expression and explanation of movements has come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto,[ "Poetry of the Revolution. Marx, Manifestos, and the Avant-Gardes" introduction, Martin Puchner Retrieved April 4, 2006][ "Looking at Artists' Manifestos, 1945–1965", Stephen B. Petersen Retrieved April 4, 2006] and sometimes from and others who may explain their understanding of the meaning of the new art then being produced.
In the visual arts, many artists, theorists, art critics, art collectors, art dealers and others mindful of the unbroken continuation of modernism and the continuation of modern art even into the contemporary era, ascribe to and welcome new philosophies of art as they appear.[ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism , seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006][ Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism , William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, Oct 31, 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism Retrieved October 26, 2011] Postmodern art theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era.[ Ideas About Art by Desmond, Kathleen K. [5], John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148][ International postmodernism: theory and literary practice, Bertens, Hans [6], Routledge, 1997, p.236] There are many theorists however who doubt as to whether or not such an era was actually a fact; or just a passing fad.
The term refers to tendencies in visual art, novel ideas and architecture, and sometimes literature. In music it is more common to speak about and fashion instead. See also cultural movement, a term with a broader connotation.
As the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix (for example cubism and futurism), they are sometimes referred to as isms.
19th century
File:Jacques-Louis David - The Coronation of Napoleon (1805-1807).jpg|Jacques-Louis David, The Coronation of Napoleon, (1806), Musée du Louvre, neoclassicism
File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830, Romanticism
File:Cole Thomas The Course of Empire The Savage State 1836.jpg|Thomas Cole, , 1836, Hudson River School
File:Gustave Courbet 018.jpg|Gustave Courbet, Stone-Breakers, 1849, Realist School
File:corot.villedavray.750pix.jpg|Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, , Ville d'Avray National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Barbizon School
File:Claude Monet - Graystaks I.JPG|Claude Monet, Haystacks, (sunset), 1890–1891, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Impressionism
File:Van Gogh - Starry Night - Google Art Project.jpg|Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, Post-Impressionism
File:The Scream.jpg|Edvard Munch, The Scream, early example of Expressionism
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Academic art, –20th century
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Aesthetic Movement
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American Barbizon school
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American Impressionism
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Amsterdam Impressionism
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Art Nouveau, –1910
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Arts and Crafts Movement, founded 1860s
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Barbizon school, –1870s
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Biedermeier, –1848
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Cloisonnism, –1900s (decade)
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Danish Golden Age -1850s
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Decadent movement
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Divisionism, –1910s
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Düsseldorf School
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Etching revival
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Expressionism, s–1930s
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German Romanticism, –1850s
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Gründerzeit
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Hague School, –1890s
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Heidelberg School, –1900s (decade)
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Hoosier Group
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Hudson River School, –1900s (decade)
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Hurufiyya movement mid-20th-century in North Africa and the Middle East
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Impressionism, –1920s
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Incoherents, -1890s
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Jugendstil
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Les Nabis, s–1900s (decade)
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Les Vingt
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Letras y figuras, –1900s
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Luminism
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Lyon School
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Macchiaioli –1900s (decade)
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Mir iskusstva, founded 1898
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Modernism, -ongoing
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Naturalism
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Nazarene, –1830
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Neo-classicism, –1900s (decade)
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Neo-impressionism, –1910s
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Norwegian romantic nationalism, –1867
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Norwich School, founded 1803
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Orientalism
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Peredvizhniki
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Pointillism, –1910s
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Pont-Aven School, –1890s
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Post-Impressionism, –1900s (decade)
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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
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Realism, –1900s (decade)
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Realism, –1900s (decade)
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Romanticism, –1890s
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Secession groups, s–1910s
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Society of American Artists, –1906
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Spanish Eclecticism, -1890s
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Symbolism
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Synthetism, –1900s (decade)
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Tipos del País
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Tonalism, –1915
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Vienna Secession, founded 1897
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Volcano School
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White Mountain art, –1870s
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Spiritualist art, –
20th century
1900–1921
File:Wassily Kandinsky, 1903, The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter), oil on canvas, 52.1 x 54.6 cm, Stiftung Sammlung E.G. Bührle, Zurich.jpg|Wassily Kandinsky, 1903, Der Blaue Reiter painting, Der Blaue Reiter
File:Family of Saltimbanques.JPG|Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, Picasso's Rose Period
File:Matisse-Open-Window.jpg|Henri Matisse, The Open Window, 1905, Fauvism
File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg|Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907, Proto-Cubism
File:Violin and Candlestick.jpg|Georges Braque 1910, Analytic Cubism
File:Supremus 55 (Malevich, 1916).jpg|Kazimir Malevich, (Supremus No. 58), Museum of Art, 1916, Suprematism
File:Marcel Duchamp, 1917, Fountain, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz.jpg|Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, Dada
File:Albert Gleizes, 1920, Femme au gant noir (Woman with Black Glove), oil on canvas, 126 x 100 cm. Private collection.jpg|Albert Gleizes, Woman with Black Glove, 1920, Crystal Cubism
File:Tableau I, by Piet Mondriaan.jpg|Piet Mondrian, Tableau I, 1921, De Stijl
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Academic art, (decade)-ongoing
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American realism, s–1920s
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Analytic Cubism, –1912
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Art Deco, –1939
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Ashcan School, s–1920s
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Australian tonalism, –1930s
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Berlin Secession, founded 1898
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Bloomsbury Group, (decade)–1960s
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Brandywine School
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Camden Town Group, –1913
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Constructivism, –1922, 1920s–1940s
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Cubism, –1919
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Cubo-Futurism, –1918
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Czech Cubism, –1914
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Dada, –1922
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Der Blaue Reiter, –1914
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De Stijl, –1931
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Deutscher Werkbund, founded 1907
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Die Brücke, founded 1905
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Expressionism, s–1930s
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Fauvism, –1910
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Futurism, –1916
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German Expressionism, –1930
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Group of Seven (Canada), –1930s
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Jack of Diamonds, founded 1909
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Luminism (Impressionism), (decade)–1930s
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Modernism, –ongoing
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Neo-classicism, (decade)–ongoing
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Neo-primitivism, from 1913
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Neue Künstlervereinigung München
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Novembergruppe, founded 1918
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Objective abstraction, –1936
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Orphism, –1913
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Photo-Secession, founded
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Pittura Metafisica, –1920
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Proto-Cubism, –1908
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Purism, –1930s
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Rayonism
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Section d'Or, –1914
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Suprematism, formed –1916
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Synchromism, founded 1912
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Synthetic Cubism, –1919
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The Eight, –1918
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The Ten, –1920
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Vorticism, founded 1914
1920–1945
File:Theo van Doesburg Composition XX.jpg|Theo van Doesburg, Composition XX, 1920, De Stijl
File:The Elephant Celebes.jpg|Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921, Tate, Surrealism
File:NY Met demuth figure 5 gold.JPG|Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, 1928, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Precisionism
File:Grant Wood - American Gothic - Google Art Project.jpg|Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930, Art Institute of Chicago, Social Realism
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American Scene painting, –1950s
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Arbeitsrat für Kunst
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Art Deco
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Bauhaus, –1933
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Concrete art
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Der Ring
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De Stijl, –1931
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École de Paris
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Geometric abstraction
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Gruppo 7
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International Style, –1970s
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Kapists,
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Magic realism
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Neo-romanticism
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Neue Sachlichkeit
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Novecento Italiano
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Novembergruppe, founded 1918
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Os renovadores, founded 1922
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Precisionism, –1940s
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Regionalism (art), –1940s
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Return to order, 1918–1922
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Scuola Romana, –1945
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Social Realism, –1960s
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Socialist Realism
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Surrealism, –1960s
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Universal Constructivism, –1970
1940–1965
1965–2000
File:Art & Language, Untitled Painting (1965), Tate Modern, London - 20130627.jpg|Art & Language, Untitled Painting (1965), Tate, Conceptual art
File:Art-LanguageV3No1-1974.jpg|Art & Language, Art-Language Vol.3 No.1 (1974), Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art, Conceptual art
File:She Who Must Be Obeyed tony smith007.JPG|Tony Smith, She Who Must Be Obeyed, 1975, Tony Smith Department of Labour Building, Minimalism
File:Unititled (Corner Piece) by Dan Flavin, Tate Liverpool.jpg|Dan Flavin, Untitled (Corner Piece), 1930, Tate Liverpool, Installation art
21st century
See also
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20th-century Western painting
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Art periods
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List of art movements
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Post-expressionism
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Western art history
External links